رفتار مسئولانه‌ی محیط‌زیستی گردشگران پارک جنگلی طاق‌بستان: جایگاه گونه‌های ارزشی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی پایدار و منابع طبیعی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران.

2 استادیار گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران.

3 پسادکترای آموزش کشاورزی و مدرس دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران.

چکیده

رفتارهای مسئولانه‌ی محیط‌ زیستی افراد که به‌طور عمیقی ریشه در ارزش‌های آن‌ها دارد به‌عنوان مهم‌ترین عامل پایداری محیط‌ زیستی شناخته شده است. با این حال، از یک‌سو نظرات درباره‌ی ابعاد رفتار مسئولانه‌ی محیط‌ زیستی پراکنده است و از سوی دیگر پژوهش‌ها در ایران درباره‌ی نقش گونه‌های مختلف ارزشی در تبیین این رفتار بسیار نادر است؛ بنابراین، هدف این پژوهش در گام نخست تدوین ابزاری برای ارزیابی رفتار مسئولانه‌ی محیط‌زیستی با توجه به ابعاد آن در میان گردشگران پارک جنگلی طاق‌بستان و سپس تدوین مدلی ارزش‌بنیان برای تقویت این رفتار بود. روش نمونه‌گیری از نوع تصادفی ساده در دو سایت غربی و شرقی پارک بود (300=n). ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها پرسشنامه‌ای محقق ساخته و مبتنی بر سوابق پژوهشی بود که روایی و پایایی آن با استفاده از شاخص‌های ضریب پایایی ترکیبی، آلفای کرونباخ، میانگین واریانس استخراجی و میانگین واریانس تسهیم شده برای بخش‌های مختلف تأیید شد. داده‌ها در محیط نرم‌افزارهای IBM-SPSSVer22 و Smart-PLS 3.0 مورد تجزیه‌وتحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها نشان داد که گونه‌های ارزشی به شکل یکسان بر رفتار مسئولانه‌ی محیط‌زیستی گردشگران اثر نمی‌گذارند و نحوه‌ی اثرگذاری آن‌ها علاوه بر تفاوت از نظر شکلی، از مسیرهای مختلف است. با این حال، گونه‌ی ارزشی توجه به ماورای خود مهم‌ترین گونه‌ی هدایت کننده‌ی رفتار مسئولانه‌ی محیط‌ زیستی گردشگران و گونه‌ی ارزشی توجه به تعالی خود مهم‌ترین گونه‌ی ارزشی بازدارنده‌‌ی آن بود. درنهایت، یافته‌های پژوهش نشان داد که متغیرهای پژوهش در مجموع 85/7 درصد از واریانس متغیر رفتار مسئولانه‌ی محیط‌ زیستی را تبیین می‌کنند. شاخص افزونگی مقدار متقابل نیز حاکی از قدرت بالای مدل ارائه شده در پیش‌بینی رفتار مسئولانه‌ی محیط‌ زیستی بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Tourists’ Environmentally Responsible Behavior in Taq-e Bostan Forest Park: The Role of Value Types

نویسندگان [English]

  • M Lotfavi 1
  • L Salehi 2
  • F monavvarifard 3
1 Former M.Sc.Student of Sustainable Agricultural Extension and Education, Agriculture Extension and Education Department, College of Agricultural & Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
2 Assistant professor of Agricultural Extension and Education Department, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
3 PostDoc of Agricultural Education and Lecturer in Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Individuals’ environmentally responsible behavior (ERB) which strangely rooted in their values has been known as a fundamental factor for environmental sustainability. However, in the one hand, opinions about the ERB dimensions are scattered and on the other hand, researches in relation to the role of value types on the ERB is scarce in Iran. Therefore, the first purpose of the research is to develop an instrument for assessing tourists’ ERB according to its dimensions and then, developing a value-based model for fostering ERB among forest parks tourists. Simple random method was used to select participators in two sites of the park (western and eastern sites). A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. Reliability and validity of the research tool were confirmed using Composite Reliability, Cronbach alpha, Average Variance Extracted (AVE), and Average Shared Variance (ASV). Results showed that the tourists’ value types don’t similarly affect ERB and each of them has its specific effect. However, the self-transcendence is the main value type for predicting ERB and self-enhancement value negatively and significantly influences ERB. Finally, the model variables explained 85.7% of variance of tourists’ ERB. In addition, our findings indicated that the empirical model is of great power to predict tourists ERB. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Norm activation theory
  • Sustainable development of tourism destination
  • Conflict in value types
  • Awareness of behavioral consequences
سنگنبان، م.، محبوبی، م.ر.، عابدی سروستانی، ا.، و آورند، ا. (1400). رابطه‌ی ارزش‌ها، نگرش‌ها و اخلاق محیط‌زیستی دامداران عضو تعاونی‌های مرتعداری در شهرستان گنبدکاووس. تعاون و کشاورزی، دوره 38، شماره 2،               صص 267-240. DOI:10.22034/ajcoop.2021.289204.1694
عابدی سروستانی، ا. (1394). ارزش‌ها و رفتارهای دوستدار محیط‌زیست: مطالعه‌ای در پارک‌های جنگلی استان گلستان. جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی محیطی، دوره 59، شماره 3، صص 342-32. DOR: 20.1001.1.20085362.1394.26.3.20.3
منوری فرد، ف.، و علی بیگی، ا. ح. (1400). ارتقای مهارت‌های اندیشه‌گری انتقادی هنرجویان رشته‌های کشاورزی ایران: به‌کارگیری انگاره‌های شناختی-اجتماعی و نظام‌های خودکار.  علوم ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی ایران، دوره 17، شماره 2، صص 234-217، صص234-217. DOR: 20.1001.1.20081758.1400.17.2.14.2
نعیمی، ا.، رضایی، ر.، و موسی‌پور، س. ک. (1397). تحلیل سازه‌های محیط‌زیستی تأثیرگذار بر رفتار حفاظت از محیط‌زیست روستاییان شهرستان باغملک استان خوزستان. علوم ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی ایران، دوره 14، شماره 1، صص 22-1.
 
Ahmad, W., Kim, W. G., Anwer, Z., and Zhuang, W. (2020). Schwartz personal values, theory of planned behavior and environmental consciousness: How tourists’ visiting intentions towards eco-friendly destinations are shaped? Journal of Business Research, 110, 228-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.01.040
Amerigo, M., Aragonés, J. I., and García, J. A. (2012). Exploring the dimensions of environmental concern. An integrative proposal. Psyecology, 3(3), 353-365. https://doi.org/10.1174/217119712802845723
Amrutha, V., and Geetha, S. (2020). A systematic review on green human resource management: Implications for social sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 247, 119131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119131
Ateş, H. (2020). Merging theory of planned behavior and value identity personal norm model to explain pro-environmental behaviors. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 24, 169-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.07.006
Axsen, J., and Kurani, K. S. (2013). Developing sustainability-oriented values: Insights from households in a trial of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Global Environmental Change, 23(1), 70-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.08.002
Beierlein, C., Kuntz, A., and Davidov, E. (2016). Universalism, conservation and attitudes toward minority groups. Social Science Research, 58, 68-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.02.002
Bouman, T., Verschoor, M., Albers, C. J., Böhm, G., Fisher, S. D., Poortinga, W., Whitmarsh, L., and Steg, L. (2020). When worry about climate change leads to climate action: How values, worry and personal responsibility relate to various climate actions. Global Environmental Change, 62, 102061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102061
Brick, C., Sherman, D. K., and Kim, H. S. (2017). “Green to be seen” and “brown to keep down”: Visibility moderates the effect of identity on pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 51, 226-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.04.004
Buonincontri, P., Marasco, A., and Ramkissoon, H. (2017). Visitors’ experience, place attachment and sustainable behaviour at cultural heritage sites: A conceptual framework. Sustainability, 9(7), 1112. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071112
Calculli, C., D'Uggento, A. M., Labarile, A., and Ribecco, N. (2021). Evaluating people's awareness about climate changes and environmental issues: A case study. Journal of Cleaner Production, 324, 129244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129244
Caracciolo, F., Cicia, G., Del Giudice, T., Cembalo, L., Krystallis, A., Grunert, K. G., and Lombardi, P. (2016). Human values and preferences for cleaner livestock production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, 121-130.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.06.045
Choden, K., Bagchi, K. K., Udo, G. J., and Kirs, P. J. (2019). The influence of individual values on internet use: A multinational study. International Journal of Information Management, 46, 198-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.12.010
Chow, A. S., Ma, A. T., Wong, G. K., Lam, T. W., and Cheung, L. T. (2019). The impacts of place attachment on environmentally responsible behavioral intention and satisfaction of Chinese nature-based tourists. Sustainability, 11(20), 5585. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205585
Confente, I., and Scarpi, D. (2021). Achieving environmentally responsible behavior for tourists and residents: A norm activation theory perspective. Journal of Travel Research, 60(6), 1196-1212. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520938875
De Groot, J. I., Bondy, K., and Schuitema, G. (2021). Listen to others or yourself? The role of personal norms on the effectiveness of social norm interventions to change pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 78, 101688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101688
De Leeuw, A., Valois, P., Ajzen, I., and Schmidt, P. (2015). Using the theory of planned behavior to identify key beliefs underlying pro-environmental behavior in high-school students: Implications for educational interventions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 42, 128-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.03.005
Doran, R., and Larsen, S. (2016). The relative importance of social and personal norms in explaining intentions to choose ecofriendly travel options. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(2), 159-166. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2042
Dunlap, R. E., Grieneeks, J. K., and Rokeach, M. (2019). Human values and pro-environmental behavior. In Energy and Material Resources (pp. 145-168). Routledge.
Esfandiar, K., Pearce, J., and Dowling, R. (2019). Personal norms and pro-environmental binning behaviour of visitors in national parks: The development of a conceptual framework. Tourism Recreation Research, 44(2), 163-177. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2019.1580936
Esfandiar, K., Pearce, J., Dowling, R., and Goh, E. (2022). Pro-environmental behaviours in protected areas: A systematic literature review and future research directions. Tourism Management Perspectives, 41, 100943.
Farrow, K., Grolleau, G., and Ibanez, L. (2017). Social norms and pro-environmental behavior: A review of the evidence. Ecological Economics, 140, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2022.100943
Fornell, C., and Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. CA: Los Angeles: Sage. CA. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800313
Fulton, D. C., Manfredo, M. J., and Lipscomb, J. (1996). Wildlife value orientations: A conceptual and measurement approach. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 1(2), 24-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209609359060
Gao, J., Huang, Z., and Zhang, C. (2017). Tourists' perceptions of responsibility: An application of norm-activation theory. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(2), 276-291. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1202954
Ghazali, E. M., Nguyen, B., Mutum, D. S., and Yap, S.-F. (2019). Pro-environmental behaviours and Value-Belief-Norm theory: Assessing unobserved heterogeneity of two ethnic groups. Sustainability, 11(12), 3237. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123237
Giuseffi, J. M. (2011). Environmentally responsible behavior and the application of leave no trace beyond the backcountry. Ohio:  Ohio University.
Gkargkavouzi, A., Halkos, G., and Matsiori, S. (2019). Environmental behavior in a private-sphere context: Integrating theories of planned behavior and value belief norm, self-identity and habit. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 148, 145-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.01.039
Graskemper, V., Yu, X., and Feil, J.-H. (2022). Values of farmers–Evidence from Germany. Journal of Rural Studies, 89, 13-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.11.005
Grúňová, M., Sané, M., Cincera, J., Kroufek, R., and Hejcmanová, P. (2019). Reliability of the new environmental paradigm for analysing the environmental attitudes of Senegalese pupils in the context of conservation education projects. Environmental Education Research, 25(2), 211-221. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2018.1428942
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., and Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
Han, H. (2021). Consumer behavior and environmental sustainability in tourism and hospitality: A review of theories, concepts, and latest research. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(7), 1021-1042. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1903019
He, X., Cheng, J., Swanson, S. R., Su, L., and Hu, D. (2022). The effect of destination employee service quality on tourist environmentally responsible behavior: A moderated mediation model incorporating environmental commitment, destination social responsibility and motive attributions. Tourism Management, 90, 104470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104470
Helferich, M., Thøgersen, J., and Bergquist, M. (2023). Direct and mediated impacts of social norms on pro-environmental behavior. Global Environmental Change, 80, 102680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2023.102680
Joaneso, T. (2019). Personal norms in a globalized world: Norm-activation processes and reduced clothing consumption. Journal of Cleaner Production, 212, 941-949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.191
Juvan, E., and Dolnicar, S. (2016). Measuring environmentally sustainable tourist behaviour. Annals of Tourism Research, 59, 30-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.03.006
Kim, S. H., and Seock, Y.-K. (2019). The roles of values and social norm on personal norms and pro-environmentally friendly apparel product purchasing behavior: The mediating role of personal norms. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 51, 83-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.05.023
Kostina, E., Kretova, L., Teleshova, R., Tsepkova, A., and Vezirov, T. (2015). Universal human values: Cross-cultural comparative analysis. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 214, 1019-1028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.696
Landon, A. C., Woosnam, K. M., and Boley, B. B. (2018). Modeling the psychological antecedents to tourists’ pro-sustainable behaviors: An application of the value-belief-norm model. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(6), 957-972. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1423320
Lange, F., and Dewitte, S. (2019). Measuring pro-environmental behavior: Review and recommendations. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 63, 92-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.04.009
Lee, T. H., and Jan, F.-H. (2015). The effects of recreation experience, environmental attitude, and biospheric value on the environmentally responsible behavior of nature-based tourists. Environmental Management, 56, 193-208.
Lee, T. H., Jan, F.-H., and Yang, C.-C. (2013). Conceptualizing and measuring environmentally responsible behaviors from the perspective of community-based tourists. Tourism Management, 36, 454-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.09.012
Li, K. X., Jin, M., and Shi, W. (2018). Tourism as an important impetus to promoting economic growth: A critical review. Tourism Management Perspectives, 26, 135-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.10.002
Liu, W., Wei, S., Wang, S., Lim, M. K., and Wang, Y. (2022). Problem identification model of agricultural precision management based on smart supply chains: An exploratory study from China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 352, 131622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131622
Manfredo, M. J., Bruskotter, J. T., Teel, T. L., Fulton, D., Schwartz, S. H., Arlinghaus, R., Oishi, S., Uskul, A. K., Redford, K., and Kitayama, S. (2017). Why social values cannot be changed for the sake of conservation. Conservation Biology, 31(4), 772-780. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12855
Mäntymaa, E., Tyrväinen, L., Juutinen, A., and Kurttila, M. (2021). Importance of forest landscape quality for companies operating in nature tourism areas. Land Use Policy, 107, 104095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104095
Markle, G. L. (2013). Pro-environmental behavior: Does it matter how it’s measured? Development and validation of the pro-environmental behavior scale (PEBS). Human Ecology, 41, 905-914. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-013-9614-8
Munanura, I. E., and Kline, J. D. (2023). Residents’ support for tourism: The role of tourism impact attitudes, forest value orientations, and quality of life in Oregon, United States. Tourism Planning & Development, 20(4), 566-582. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2021.2012713
Naderi, N., Monavvarifard, F., and Salehi, L. (2022). Fostering sustainability-oriented knowledge-sharing in academic environment: A key strategic process to achieving SDGs through development of students' sustainable entrepreneurship competences. The International Journal of Management Education, 20(1), 100603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2022.100603
Nugroho, P., and Numata, S. (2022). Resident support of community-based tourism development: Evidence from Gunung Ciremai National Park, Indonesia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(11), 2510-2525. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1755675
Qiu, H., Wang, G., Ren, L., Zhang, J., and Wang, J. (2022). The impact of restorative destination environments on tourists' well-being and environmentally responsible behavior: A reasonable person model. Tourism Management Perspectives, 44, 101028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2022.101028
Qiu, H., and Zhou, G. (2017). Tourists’ environmentally responsible behavior: Conceptualizing, measuring and validating. Zhejiang Social Sciences, 12, 88-98.
Ratliff, K. A., Howell, J. L., and Redford, L. (2017). Attitudes toward the prototypical environmentalist predict environmentally friendly behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 51, 132-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.03.009
Russo, C., Danioni, F., Zagrean, I., and Barni, D. (2022). Changing personal values through value-manipulation tasks: A systematic literature review based on Schwartz’s theory of basic human values. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 12(7), 692-715. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe12070052
Schwartz, S. H. (2007). Universalism values and the inclusiveness of our moral universe. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38(6), 711-728. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022107308992
Schwartz, S. H., and Bardi, A. (1997). Influences of adaptation to communist rule on value priorities in eastern Europe. Political psychology, 18(2), 385-410. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00062
Shin, S., van Riper, C. J., Stedman, R. C., and Suski, C. D. (2022). The value of eudaimonia for understanding relationships among values and pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 80, 101778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101778
Song, Y.-S., Chae, B.-G., Kim, K.-S., Park, J.-Y., Oh, H.-J., and Jeong, S.-W. (2021). A landslide monitoring system for natural terrain in korea: development and application in hazard evaluations. Sensors, 21(9), 3040. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093040
Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., and Guagnano, G. A. (1995). The new ecological paradigm in social-psychological context. Environment and behavior, 27(6), 723-743. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916595276001
Su, L., Hsu, M. K., and Boostrom Jr, R. E. (2020). From recreation to responsibility: Increasing environmentally responsible behavior in tourism. Journal of Business Research, 109, 557-573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.12.055
Thøgersen, J. (2006). Norms for environmentally responsible behaviour: An extended taxonomy. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 26(4), 247-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2006.09.004
Urien, B., and Kilbourne, W. (2011). Generativity and self-enhancement values in ecofriendly behavioral intentions and environmentally responsible consumption behavior. Psychology & marketing, 28(1), 69-90. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20381
van der Westhuizen, D., and Solms, M. (2015). Social dominance and the affective neuroscience personality scales. Consciousness and Cognition, 33, 90-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2014.12.005
van Riper, C., Winkler-Schor, S., Foelske, L., Keller, R., Braito, M., Raymond, C., Eriksson, M., Golebie, E., and Johnson, D. (2019). Integrating multi-level values and pro-environmental behavior in a US protected area. Sustainability Science, 14, 1395-1408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-019-00677-w
Wang, C., Zhang, J., Cao, J., Hu, H., and Yu, P. (2019). The influence of environmental background on tourists' environmentally responsible behaviour. Journal of Environmental Management, 231, 804-810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.089
Yue, B., Sheng, G., She, S., and Xu, J. (2020). Impact of consumer environmental responsibility on green consumption behavior in China: The role of environmental concern and price sensitivity. Sustainability, 12(5), 2074. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12052074
Zhang, L., Ruiz-Menjivar, J., Luo, B., Liang, Z., and Swisher, M. E. (2020). Predicting climate change mitigation and adaptation behaviors in agricultural production: A comparison of the theory of planned behavior and the Value-Belief-Norm Theory. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 68, 101408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101408